Graffiti Literature Review - 1747 Words

Graffiti is always part of the urban landscape that has expressed ideas, thoughts and styles on the built environment to shows to the audiences to appreciate their master piece. The graffiti in the urban environment are able to be seen and are not hiding from the public. Its mostly on billboards, buildings and mostly unexpected obvious places. Graffiti is a phenomenon in to the contemporary society inspired lots of young people to be part of graffiti culture from the local to international level. The purpose of a research to have different perspectives on graffiti of variety styles, Ideas, and thoughts based in Whangarei to be part of the urban landscape and there are positive or negative benefits to the community of the graffiti or street†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Graffiti 365- Jay Edlin (J.SON) Graffiti 365 conveys the insiders view into the contemporary graffiti and street-art landscape and their backgrounds. There are wide range of survey of the international graffiti movement, that the author uses more than 600 well-known images in the book to introduce and describe influential artists from Blade to Banks and their styles. Furthermore, the book Graffiti 365 incorporates different eras, cities, well-known walls and crews, police and public responses to graffiti in the urban landscape. †¢ Talk about street art / Jà ©rome Catz ; translated from the French by Anna Hiddleston-Galloni. Graffiti and street art was around in a long time to be part of the culture, from their origins to creates graffiti and street art was in the caves to New York Citys subway walls. This book has combined all aspects of an art requirement that is underappreciated, ephemeral, and illegal. There are different media and techniques engaged are changing over time which includes graffiti, stencils, tags and lettering, interventions, urban sculptures, collage andShow MoreRelatedGraffiti As Art And Graffiti Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper looked at graffiti in two different ways, graffiti as art and graffiti as vandalism. Looking at some literatures, it was discovered that the use of graffiti was meant to declare freedom within the city and to bring color throughout the city/world. However, the opinion of non-graffiti artists affected the outlook on graffiti itself, thereby causing the defacement of buildings and influencing the social processes of a community. This paper therefore h ope to arrive at a conclusion which willRead MoreWhat ´s a Literature Review? Essays1818 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction A literature review is a study written by someone on a specific topic by researching relevant literature available and interpreting it (Aveyard, 2010). A research question is developed and by using relevant literature the question is analysed in detail (Aveyard, 2010). The literature review is important because it gives you a shorter version of all relevant literature on the topic chosen, this is so the reader does not have to access the number of literatures used (Aveyard, 2010).Read MoreLegalizing Banksy And The Historical Background And Application Of It Today1596 Words   |  7 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. Who is Banksy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C. Background on street art and graffiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 D. Banksy’s cultural significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 II. Discussion A. CurrentRead MoreThe Use of Iconoclasm in the Middle East as a Method of Controlling Popular Opinions917 Words   |  4 Pageswere attempts to prevent idolatry from developing in highly Muslim areas. In many ways iconoclasm and censorship are a lot alike. Both focus on preventing the viewing of certain material in a way that may effect popular opinions at the time. Literature Review The first article to be covered relating to this paper is â€Å"Censorship and Iconoclasm- Unsettling Monuments† by John Peffer. In his article his main research topic is to observe several instances of symbolic iconoclasm of monuments in SouthRead MoreResearch Paper3914 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Scope and Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Theoretical/Conceptual Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter III Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Locals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Respondents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter IV Presentation of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAnalysis Of Toward Zero Deaths1294 Words   |  6 Pagesexplicitly describes the importance of safety inspections. Without road safety inspections, the streets would be a chaos (Ward, Otto Linkenbach, 2014). The overgrown shrubs and trees will hide the road signs, the neglected infrastructure and graffiti signs will direct commuters in wrong directions. This would be a recipe for disaster. Minnesota is one of the States that several agencies are working together to protect their communities from harm ways that occur on their roads and highways (DOTRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 Pagesof the world post-trauma (Feeney). The novel features a teenage boy who is kicked out of his prep school and, on the verge of a breakdown, kills time in New York City to avoid going home and facing his parents (Andrychuk). It earned strongly mixed reviews and a lot of negative feedback upon its publication, and was accused of â€Å"promoting immoral values† (J.D. Salinger). The narrator of the story, Holden Caulfield, has become one of the most iconic male characters of rebellion in history (Feeney).Read MoreUnhealthy Habits Can Lead up to Diabetes582 Words   |  2 Pagesavailable, however none of those options are healthy (16). This inaccessibility to quality fruits and vegetables reduces food balance in the ne ighborhood severely impairing resident’s ability to eat healthfully (16). Our observation further supports the literature on food deserts as we did not observe any health food restaurants or fresh produce at bodegas and supermarkets. Obesity rates are often higher among people of color, with lower incomes, less education, and language barriers (6) (7). Evidence suggestsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Disneyfication Of Broadway 1416 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A trip to 42nd street circa 1990 was certainly no destination fit for a family. Walls of graffiti adorn the peeling awnings of storefronts and theatres promise private dances and live nude women. Porn shops dotted the city block with colorful invitations to sex hotlines and signs prohibiting entry to anyone under the age of eighteen (Wollman 445). Decades earlier, during the Prohibition era, speakeasies and brothels lined the city, creating New York’s red light district. Today’s TimesRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagestheir parent or guardian when life becomes too difficult to endure. Poverty has been proven to bring about many other matters that will eventually affect a child. Physical disorders in neighborhoods such as â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† which consists of graffiti on buildings, abandoned cars, broken windows and garbage in the streets are an example of this. These disorders have shown to have had an effect on those who are having to live in such conditions. It is a constant reminder as to where they rank in

The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration - 1840 Words

In the novel, The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, author and criminal rights lawyer, Michelle Alexander emphasizes her overall thesis as our nation is currently in a state of racism, prejudice, and mass incarceration, and it is ultimately turning back time to the years of Jim Crow. Throughout her novel, she analyzes series of significant civil rights cases that support her thesis, and describe ramifications that these cases had on her thesis. In my critical analysis, I will discuss the importance of Alexanders thesis describe several turning point cases and the ramifications these cases had on her thesis, and give my own argument of why I overall agree with Alexanders novel. First, Michelle Alexander gives†¦show more content†¦Two police officers entered the bus, and work Bostick with a bright green â€Å"raid† jacket and displaying their badges and a gun. At this point, the bus was currently stopped at a brief layover in Fort Lauderdale, the officers were â€Å"working the bus† looking for persons who might be carrying drugs. Officers quickly asked for his identification and if they could search his belongings. Bostick gave the officers their consent, even though he knew he was carrying a pound of cocaine. Bostick was arrested and he was charged and convicted of trafficking cocaine (Alexander 2016). However, the problem with this case is that police had no reasonable suspicious to search Bostock’s belongings. They also failed to mention, that he was free to remain silent or to refuse to answer any of the their questions. These case supports her thesis by, officers stereotyping the African American man as a drug war criminal. They had no reason to suggest, that he had drugs and formally chose to search his belongings based on the color of his skin. Also, no reasonable person in that situation could have felt as if they had the right to say no to their items being searched or remaining silent, since Bo stick was approached with guns and badges he felt intimidated and fearful to follow officers orders. Later on the U.S. Supreme court reversed the outcome of the case, on the grounds that theShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesunrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]e have not ended racial caste in America;Read MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness, by Michelle Alexander. The New Press, 2010. 290 pages. Reviewed by Ashlei G Cameron. Michelle alexander is a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, advocate and legal scholar. As an associate professor of law at Standford law school, she directed the Civil Rights Clinic and pursued a research agenda focused on the intersection of race and criminal justice. In 2005. Alexander won a Soros Justice Fellowship that supported the writingRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthose who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was an important quote since the stereotypical criminal in our racially divided America in most cases are those of color also known as blacks. This is why the criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks that can be seen throughRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1081 Words   |  5 Page s Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness outlines how the criminal justice system has systematically designed new methods of discriminating against African Americans. The book advocates for racial justice, specifically, for African Americans and contends they [African Americans] were targeted and subsequently incarcerated, by white voters and public officials, through the War on Drugs campaign. President Reagan and his Administration exploited racialRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1347 Words   |  6 PagesHunter Silver Dr. Kendall Smith English 103-4120 10 November 2015 High Incarceration Rates Due to Racism Racism effects the the high incarceration rates according to Michelle Alexander, the author of â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. This scholar writes about how the civil rights movement has been taken back by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the war on drugs. Alexander also explains how the severe consequences that these black men carry on afterRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesJim Crow laws are regarded as part of the racial caste system that operated in the Southern and Border States in the years between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Under the series of the anti-black laws, African Americans were treated as inferior and second class citizens. The laws have been argued to have represented the legitimization of the anti-black racism in the US. The book The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is written by Michelle Alexander and originally published byRead MoreThe New J im Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2010. Study Questions for â€Å"The New Jim Crow†: 1) What is the relationship between the War on Drugs and the spread of crack cocaine through inner city neighborhoods in the 1980s? President Ronald Reagan officially announced the current drug war in 1982, before crack became an issue in the media or a crisis in poor black neighborhoods. A few years after the drug war was declared, crackRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2013, Michelle Alexander published her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, hoping it served as a call to action. Immediately this book received a huge amount of attention because of the controversial topics presented. This book opened a lot of people’s eyes to the term colorblindness, a sociological perspective referring to the disregard of racial characteristics. There is no racial data or profiling, no classifications, and no categorizations or distinctions

Herbert hoover Essay Example For Students

Herbert hoover Essay Herbert Hoover was president of the United States of America during the time of the great depression. His ideas of capitalism changed the way the government responded to the great depression. His view was that the government should not directly aid the citizens but the government should help out the businesses and the help would trickle down through the system and eventually help the people. Hoover thought that the government should not support people. He believed that private charities and local communities should help people, not the federal government. He thought that organizations at a local level could best help the people. Hoover wasnt opposed to all forms of aid however. He was for giving aid or businesses so that when business picked up, more jobs would come forth. Under Hoover, the government took more steps to shape the economy than ever before. Hoover got together many business leaders and asked them to keep up their employment rates and the wages of the workers. Hoover requested congress to fund public works projects in an effort to aid the people. By creating these projects it helped business by making them produce more materials and it helped the unemployed by creating jobs. Keeping with his policy of not giving direct aid to the people, Hoover denied aid to hard hit farmers. He instead tried to help them by passing the Home Loan Bank Act. This helped people to buy houses so more people could be put to work making those houses. This act helped to get money flowing through the economy.

Misconception of Black Metal Music free essay sample

::Misconception of Black Metal Music:: Content Chapter 1: 1. 1 – Introduction 1. 2 – Background 1. 3 – Rational 1. 4 – Scope Chapter 2: 2. 1 – Definition 2. 2 – Historical Background 2. 3 – Characteristics Chapter 3: 3. 1 – Black Metal in Malaysia 3. 2 – Issues on Black Metal Music 3. 3 – Black Metal Bands Chapter 4: 4. 1 – Interviews 4. 2 – QA 4. 3 – Analysis and Conclusion Chapter 5: 5. 1 – Islamic Point Of View 5. 2 – Current Issues Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion References Bibliography ::Definition:: Black metal = a subgenre of heavy metal music that uses screamed lyrics, fast guitar playing and drumming, and heavily distorted music with a focus on satanic imagery and occult themes. Misconception = A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding. = an incorrect conception. Misconception of black metal music means a mistaken thought, idea or notion about a subgenre of heavy metal music that uses screamed lyrics, fast guitar playing and drumming, and heavily distorted music with a focus on satanic imagery and occult themes. ::Introduction:: Black Metal? Demon Worship? Black Sheep? Maybe that is what crosses the minds of people when they hear about black metal. We will write a custom essay sample on Misconception of Black Metal Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But how many people actually know where black metal originated and how was the original music in black metal itself. And you must know what is happening to the youth of Malaysia that are so obsessed with black metal that it makes them do absurd things that goes against so many morals. Let us look into the history of black metal and find out what exactly is clouding the minds of the youth. Black metal did not come from thin air. It is actually a sub-genre of the usually heavy metal music. Usually black metal music contains the sounds of heavy guitar distortion and played with enormous speed, high-pitch screaming vocals and fast skillful drumming. The lyrics are mostly based on anti-Christian and also involve occult themes. From the image, in the beginning, black metal bands prefer to portray a â€Å"dead paint† look, a type of makeup that is black and white based colors to show their themes. ::History:: In the early 80s, black metal bands can be said started out in the areas like Norway, Scandinavia, Finland and so forth. The person who is most responsible for starting the black metal scene is no other than Oystein Aarseth(Euronymous), the guitarist for Mayhem. He can be said to be the father of black metal music. The black metal scene there is really anti-Christian, and their main motive is to expel Christianity and other non-Scandinavian religion from the people of Norway. The motive, can be said, is being fulfilled by one group called ‘Inner Circle’ that is led by Aarseth himself and a few of his close friends and was formed in the basement of Aarseth music store, Helvete. The store also acts as a recording studio where Mayhem and few other bands conquer the black metal scene under Aarseth independent label called Deathlike Silence Productions. Deathlike Silence’s goal was to produce albums for bands that â€Å"incarnated evil in its most pure state. † Also around this time, there was a rash of arsons directed at Christian churches in Norway that Aarseths circle claimed responsibility for inspiring, if not necessarily perpetrating. The most unforgettable church was the Fantoft church that was burned the ‘Inner Circle’. There were a few who started to threaten and terrorize death metal bands that were touring their country or neighboring country with the excuse of their â€Å"lack of evilness†. In 1990, black metal scene started to gain major mass media publicity when Mayhems frontman, Dead, killed himself by a shotgun blast to his head and only leaving a note that said â€Å"Excuse all the blood†. His body then was found by Aarseth himself, who instead of calling the police, he went to a convenience store and bought a disposable camera and took pictures of the dead body for the future Mayhem album cover ‘Dawn of the Black Hearts’. writing services reddit There are also reports stating that band members took some pieces of Dead’s splattered brain and made stew out of them and others took bone fragment from Dead’s skull and made necklaces out of them. ‘Inner Circle’ again got the media’s attention when Vikerness (Burzum) brutally killed Aarseth by stabbing him 23 times at the head. The reasons for the murder are not entirely clear, but it was mainly because of ideological differences and a power struggle between Vikernes and Aarseth. Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison and since then distanced himself from the black metal movement, becoming involved in the Neo-Nazi movement and writing extensively on the subject. Many credit Vikernes professed beliefs as contributing to the rise of National Socialist black metal. The last few years in the 1990s, the black metal scene became more low profile and had lost much of the violence that had been portrayed in the early days of the scene, came Dimmu Borgir that used classical music arrangement. From music that was hard to accept at first, Dimmu Borgir manages to bring up the black metal scene to a level where the music is able to attract more people. However, in the mid 90s, black metal scene in East Europe has been developing. Bands from ex-Soviet countries made records that are more in keeping original style of the early Norway bands. The lyrics are more remembering the past glory of their mother country. In Russia and Ukraine, the scene is more prone to metal-Scandinavia. ::Sub-genre:: Battle metal (Bal-Sagoth, Mortiss) Celtic metal (Cruachan, Geasa) Folk metal (Skyclad, Cruachan, Waylender) Medieval metal (Satyricon, Borknagar) Melodic black metal (Abyssos, Cradle of Filth, Dimmu Borgir) Nazi black metal (Burzum, Thors Hammer, Kataxu) Symphonic black metal (Cradle of Filth, Emperor) Tolkien metal (Isengard, Summoning) Troll metal (Arckanum, Mortiis) Vampyric black metal (Cradle of Filth) Viking metal (Bathory,Vintersorg, Enslaved) ::Characteristics:: Black metal characteristics include the following: †¢ Fast guitars with tremolo picking. †¢ Lyrics that take the form of Satanic, Pagan, or occult themes which blaspheme Christianity. Bands such as Slayer, Landser, Deicide, Deaths Head, and Immolation overlap lyrically with black metal somewhat, but are musically defined as death metal (Immolation, Deicide), thrash metal (Deaths Head, Slayer), or Rock Against Communism (RAC) (Landser, Intimidation One). †¢ Relatively thin guitar sound or relatively thick guitar sound, usually not in the middle. †¢ Limited production used intentionally as a statement against mainstream music and/or to reflect the mood of the music. †¢ Fast, aggressive drums, often with blast beat. At other times, the drums can take a slower role usually accompanied by a very dry and empty tone — especially for the effect of the atmosphere of the music. †¢ Occasional electronic keyboard use. The violin, organ, and choir settings are most common, which gives the music an orchestral feel or a cathedral-like setting. Some bands tend to use keyboards very frequently, whether it be as an instrument or even as the basis of their entire sound. They are generally placed under the symphonic black metal label. †¢ High-pitched/distorted screeching vocals †¢ Swift percussion Cold, dark, sad, melancholy or gloomy atmosphere. An abraded, very low fidelity recording style is common in most black metal. Modern evolution of many of the older genre leading bands have had a vast change in sound, and by manyand most of the times, even the bandare no longer considered Black Metal. Such examples include Mayhems career that began mostly in the Death/Black roots, moved to almost pure black, then towards Death again in their later career. Also, Satyricon who started off as Black Metal but now play a very industrial heavy hybrid of the music. Modern offshoots of this original black metal sound have incorporated atmospheric elements using ambient guitar and keyboard passages such as organ sounds or other miscellaneous instruments. A distinct (but not intrinsic) feature of the black metal is the use of corpse paint, a special kind of black and white make-up which was used to make the wearer look like a decomposing corpse or plague victim. It should be noted that Immortal referred to their make-up as war paint, not carrying the same connotation as corpse paint. This, along with an almost universal use of more or less creative stage names, also helps in hiding the wearers identity. Another distinct feature of Black Metal is the use of monikers used for the most part to conceal the identity. Examples of this are; Quorthon (Bathory), Darken, Euronymous (Mayhem), Goat, Count Grishnackh (Burzum), Fenriz (Darkthrone), Nergal, Inferno (Behemoth), Zephyrous, Frost, Abbath, Demonaz, Horgh, Iscariah, Hellhammer (Mayhem), Maniac (Mayhem), Necrobutcher (Mayhem), Blasphemer (Mayhem), Dead (Mayhem), Hoest, Ihsahn (Emperor), Samoth (Emperor), Faust (Emperor), Trym (Emperor), Nattefrost(Carpathian Forest), Nordavind and Tchort (Emperor), Malefic (Xasthur), Wrest (Leviathan) to name a few. Earlier bands tended to dwell on themes of fantasy, mythology, and folklore in their songs, as well as Satanism, darkness, evil, and so on as many of their direct musical and cultural roots included these topics. For me, I prefer melodic and symphonic black metal because the music is more melodious and tranquil. For Malaysia and Singapore, some of the famous black metal is Sil Khannaz, As-Sahar, Nosferiel, Impiety and many more. From what I see in Malaysia black metal scene is just fine not extraordinary, only when they are performing, showmanship of black metal is being portrayed. :Black Metal in Malaysia:: Black metal started to emerged in Malaysia in the late 90s. At that time, they were not as active as they now. They were more interested in expressing their feelings through black metal music. Their main activities were to create music, attend and perform at black metal gigs and just hang out with friends. They always try to attract more people to join black metal. The black meta l scene was mainly focused in Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Kedah. They usually wear all black clothing, t-shirt with pentagrams on them, makeup to look more deathlike and accessories. During this time their main influences were Slayer, Cradle of Filth, Children of Bodom, Dimmu Borgir, Testament and Fear Factory. In the new millennium, the black metal scene in Malaysia evolved to be more violent in keeping to the older generation of black metal from the western culture which strongly encourages â€Å"incarnated evil in its most pure state†. In attempt to follow the western culture of black metal which were anti-Christian, youths of Malaysia got out of track from the main concept of black metal. In developed Asian countries like Japan, music is valued and appreciation of music is encouraged by the family institution. Music is also an important part of the community and it often serves as a lens to the state of a society here now. Film, music, and literature of independent nature here often serve as an extension of creative traditions from the grassroots and can provide us not only with an insight into young Malaysia but can also share with us the multi-cultural impact of the past and give us a greater understanding of the present. To anyone overwhelmed in the wake of the events, perhaps it should serve as reassurance and comfort in itself that a genuine love for music and the arts should outlast media demonisation and authoritarian muscle flexing. If there have been complaints that local independent music lack substance, perhaps this is the perfect time for self-improvement – to inject that little bit of satire, critique and message in the music. And if there was never really a reason for young urbanites to really stand up for their rights, perhaps now there is. The events following the New Year’s Eve raid is a wake-up call for the creative community to band together. New Year’s Eve celebrations taking place everywhere in Malaysia. But for the 380 mostly young people detained at the Brickfields police station in Kuala Lumpur, the festivities was cut short when they were arrested at the venue of a gig in Jalan Klang Lama in Kuala Lumpur that night and carted to the station in police trucks for alleged â€Å"black metal† involvement, illegal gathering and other unfounded charges. Despite being hushed and shepherded like convicts, the group simply continued their New Year celebrations when the countdown came at midnight. These were the children of suburban middle-class families. If the police and their media cohorts came looking for the black metal bogeyman, they had come to the wrong gig. With private college students, members of the workforce and practising lawyers among the detained, they had messed with the wrong people. The generalisation of â€Å"black metal† itself is a lazy exercise of scapegoat labelling, a cruel generalisation of an alleged sub-culture of hedonism and â€Å"Satanic† practices, a Loch Ness monster the tabloids created with accusatory, non-researched articles and vague, unsolicited photographs of youths gathering at random concerts and music showcases. To echo just a few heartfelt conclusions made by observers, it takes little more than common sense and a high school education to see music for what it is. Music is music. If media, authoritative or religious gatekeepers are so fearful of its influence on our young, then perhaps it says much about these parties’ own insecurities. Perhaps the mainstream tabloids in question feel it within their power to seek out a scapegoat for their own shortcomings, to make up for their own laziness, their own failure to keep up with the times. It has always been human nature to be afraid of and to demonise something they do not understand. Music in Malaysia has always been kept in check sufficiently to be no more than cultural expression and a healthy outlet for the younger generation. Yet how frequently and persistently it is misunderstood is frightening: A bunch of confused adults is a lot scarier than a bunch of confused youth. ::Interviews:: 1. When did you start joining black metal music? I started joining around the year 1999. 2. What interest you in joining black metal music? I was amazed with the uniqueness of the classical and blues progression being join together which is by the way is the basic of black metal music. 3. How did you find out about black metal music? Through friends. 4. What are your influences in black metal music? Mostly I would listen to Dimmu Borgir. It’s a band from Europe. They were very unique when it comes to putting those two previous progressions together. 5. How do you define black metal music in your own words? To me, black metal music is one of the ways for each and every individual to express their feelings or passing a message through their own ways. 6. What is your opinion about black metal music? There’s nothing wrong with it. 7. How do you differentiate between black metal and other music genre? Like what I’ve stated in the previous question, black metal music is the result from the combination of blues and classical progression. On top of that, the lyrics would be evolving around the story of anger towards the destruction and chaos that has been produced by mankind itself. 8. What kind of activities do you usually do? I would spend my luxury time understanding the beauty and the magical of music. Most of the time I would put it down on writing and produce a new song for my own band. 9. What do you think about the black metal scene in Malaysia? It was sad. We were wrongly accused by the people who don’t even know what they’re talking about. The worst part is, the rest of the country just agrees without questioning. 10. What are the certain issues about black metal that you know? I’ve heard about the satanic ritual that has been going around for years. 11. What is your opinion about it? You can’t put the blame of those cases on the black metal music. 12. Why do you say so? Well for one, it has nothing to do with the black metal music and never even once that we had done our music or performance involving religion or devil worshiping. 3. What do you think about the government banning black metal? I think it’s a very narrow ways of thinking that would result to that type of decision. 14. In your opinion, why did it come out? The government is referring to the people with conservative minded in making their decision. 15. Would you still join black metal even though the government banned it? The black meta l music is not a group of people that go around and destroy everything in their path. It’s not even a community. It’s just a type of music that is being followed by certain types of people. So I will keep doing what I do best and that is producing the music that I love. 16. How do you feel about people’s perception or point of view towards black metal? I would strongly urge the people to open their mind and accept the evolution of time. Just like what the previous generation did. 17. What would you say to society to change their perceptive towards black metal? 1. Have you heard of black metal before? Yes, I have. 2. Where? From friends, newspaper, news, radio, magazine, etc. It’s all over the country. 3. What was your opinion about black metal? I think it’s quite interesting because it’s different from others. 4. Is black metal against the law or not? I don’t think so. They’re not doing anything wrong. 5. Do you know anyone who is black metal? Yes, I do. 6. What is your opinion about them? They are kind of cool when you get to know them better. 7. In your opinion, what has black metal influenced our country? It gives a bad example to the teenagers. 8. How do you define black metal? I think black metal is just another music genre. 9. Are you interested in knowing more about black metal music? No, I don’t. 10. How do you feel about the government banning black metal? Awful. 11. Why? The government don’t really understand black metal, I guess. Malaysia`s highest Islamic authority banned Muslims from taking part in a satanic heavy cult calling the musical genre un-islamic. The National Fatwa Council issued the religious decree against the black metal cult, citing practices in which members stamp on the holy Al-Quran, drink alcohol and freely engage in sex. Problems arose when followers of the movement engaged in the devil worship and free sex, drank liquor, stepped on the Al-Quran religious book or other un-islamic acts. Black metal, offshoot of heavy metal music, is known for its satanic or pagan influences and occult imagery. The music gained notoriety in Malaysia in 2001 after a series of media exposes on young black metal fans, including lurid stories about ritualistic practices such as drinking blood. Malaysia is always on the lookout for what it calls deviant sects which veer from islam, and authorities are sensitive about cultural or social influences that may affect Islamic religious practice. Black metal culture has been declared as a deviation from Islamic teachings and found practicing could be penalized under Islamic syariah law Black metal a form of music which often led its followers to worship Satan, to rebel, kill and incite hatred and irreligion. Black metal culture is totally against the syariat and could lead its followers to being murtad or apostate. Black metal culture influenced its followers to perform controversial rituals such as drinking one`s blood mixed with goat blood and burning the Al-Quran. When a Muslims burns the Al-Quran, His action could be considered as murtad.

The Best SAT Flashcards How to Make and Use Them

The Best SAT Flashcards How to Make and Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying for the new 2016 SAT and struggling to remember specific concepts? Flashcards might be a great study resource for you! Flashcards can help you memorize the information you need to know. In this guide, I’ll explain how to make SAT flashcards for vocabulary and math formulas and how to study with the flashcards you make. An important disclaimer before we start: I don’t suggest using flashcardsas your only method ofpreparation for the SAT; they should only really be used for memorizing SAT vocabulary and math formulas. Keep in mind that on the new SAT,vocabulary only accounts for 20% of the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section questions,and it's all tested in the context of the passages. While flashcards are useful for preparing for those questions as well as memorizing Math formulas, theywon’t help you learn the SAT strategies. To really improve your score, you'll need to focus on learning test strategies and taking practice tests. Feature image credit: Deb Stgo/Flickr Why You Should Make Your Own SAT Flashcards I suggest creating your SAT flashcards by hand instead of buying pre-made SAT flashcards or creating online flashcards (using a website like Quizlet). By making your own flashcards by hand, you'll start to learn the information before you even start using the flashcards.I recommend writing them out by hand because rather than creating online flashcards because when you create the flashcards online, you’ll likely end up just copying and pasting information onto the flashcards without taking the time to read the information.Making physical flashcards will require that you read and transcribe all of the material, which means you'll start to learn the material as you go. If you don’t have a lot of time to prepare, you can download our 200 free printable SAT flashcards.But, again, if you have the time, I strongly recommend making your own physical flashcards. Creating SAT Vocabulary Flashcards When creating your vocabulary flashcards for the new 2016 SAT,since the SAT is becoming more like the ACT (testing vocabulary in context instead of using sentence completion questions), I suggest using ACT vocabulary words to study instead of using old SAT vocabulary lists.Use our PrepScholar ACT list, which teaches 150 medium-difficulty words, many with multiple meanings. If you’re still struggling with vocabulary after making those flashcards and want supplementary material, check out this 100-word list from Scholastic, which pulled SAT/ACT words from one of their student magazines. Again, it focuses on less-obscure words that often have multiple meanings. When creating the flashcards, write the word itself on one side of the card and the definition on the back.In addition to the definition, you must write an example of how to use the word in context, and if there are multiple definitions for the word, write an example of how to use the word in context for each definition. I’ll use the first word from our PrepScholar ACT list, "adhere," as an example. On the front of your flashcard, write: adhere On the back of your flashcard write: Definition: 1. stick completely to a surface or substance 2. believe in and follow the practices of Example: 1. I used the glue to adhere the picture to the poster. 2. The monkadhered to all of the principles of Buddhism. Why do you need to write an example using the word in context? As I said before, on the new 2016 SAT, you’ll no longer be tested on vocabulary through fill-in-the-blank type questions.Instead, the new SAT asks you to identify the meaning of vocabulary in context. Knowing the definition of the word is vital to understanding and answering the question asked, but typically the exact meaning of the word isn’t asked about directly. In other words, it's less about the vocabulary itself and more about how the vocabulary fits with the words around them.For example, on the new SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section, you could be asked the following: In line 84, â€Å"adhere† most nearly means to stick to a surface to dive into to follow the practices of to acknowledge as correct Both A and C are definitions of adhere, so simply memorizing the definition will not help you answer the question.Line 38 read, â€Å"the priest adhered to Catholicism.†Knowing the definitions of adhere AND picking up on the context clues, you’d realize the correct answer is C. The answer can’t be A because the priest did not physically stick himself to a surface. The answer is C because the priest follows the practices of Catholicism. This question shows why it’s criticalto not only include definitions on your flashcards but also to include an example sentence using the word in context.If you’re struggling to come up with examples yourself (or are afraid of using the word improperly in context), I suggest conducting a Google Search for â€Å"[Word] definition.†Usually, that’ll bring up the definitions along with examples of the word used in context. For example, I searched for â€Å"adhere definition† and found this result with examples for both definitions of the word used in a sentence. Once you finish creating your SAT vocabulary flashcards, make flashcards for the SAT Math formulas. Creating SAT Math Flashcards On the SAT Math section, you're given nine mathformulas and two geometry laws. However, there are many more math formulas you need to knowbecause there are many questions you won’t be able to answer without knowing these additional formulas. When creating your SAT Math flashcards, I recommend using our list of 21 Critical SAT Math Formulas You Must Know. This list also tells you the formulas you DON’T need to memorize(since some are given to you on the SAT test). When making your flashcards, write the name of the formula on the front and the actual formula on the back.Also on the back, write what each variable in the formula stands for and the definition of the formula/concept.I’ll use the first formula (not provided on the SAT) from our list of 21 Critical SAT Math Formulas you must know as an example. On the frontside of my card, I'd write: midpoint formula On the back, I’d write: Given two points A $(x_1, y_1)$ and B $(x_2, y_2)$, use the midpoint formula to find the exact middle point of a line that connects point A and B (the point will be equidistant from points A and B and will be in between the two). Formula: midpoint = $((x_1 + x_2)/2) , ((y_1 + y_2)/2)$ Also, include what the variables stand for in order to remember the significance of the formula and how to use it.If you only memorize $x_1$, $y_1$, $x_2$, and $y_2$, on the day of the test, you may totally forget what $y$ and $x$ mean in the formula. Don’t memorize formulas as a bunch of random variables. Memorize the formula, formula definition, and what each part of the formula stands for, so you’ll be prepared to use the formula to answer questions. How to Study With Your SAT Flashcards Now that you have your SAT flashcards, how should you use them? At PrepScholar, we recommend the waterfall method to study flashcards.This technique requires you to focus on the words/formulas you don't know, while not wasting your time on the concepts you do know.The waterfall method was developed from a proven memorization method called Spaced Repetition.I’ll give a brief overview of the method, but check out our other article for a more in-depth explanation of the waterfall method. Start with 20-50 flashcards.I recommend studying the math formulas and Vocabulary separately, so you don’t get confused jumping between different subjects. Create a math formula pile with 21 cards. Then, create three piles of 50 vocabulary cards each (using the 150-wordPrepScholar ACT list). If you decide to use an additional vocabulary list, create additional Vocabulary piles. Go through onepile, looking at the word or formula name. If you know the definition or formula immediatelyput it in a â€Å"Know It† pile. If you couldn’t remember it immediately(or at all), put it in a â€Å"Struggled† pile.After going through all of the flashcards in the original, you'll have twopiles: a "Know It" pile a "Struggled" pile Pick up the â€Å"Struggled† pile and test yourself again. This time, create a new â€Å"Know It† pile and â€Å"Struggled† pile for these flashcards. You should now have three piles: the original â€Å"Know It† pile the new â€Å"Know It† pile the new â€Å"Struggled" pile Keep repeating this exercise (using the â€Å"Struggled† pile and separating into new â€Å"Know It† and â€Å"Struggled† piles) until you have five or fewerwords or formulas left in the â€Å"Struggled† pile. Now, combine the remaining â€Å"Struggled† pile with the most recent â€Å"Know It† pile. Test yourself on all of the words/formulas until you don’t get a single one wrong. If you get one wrong, restart the pile until you get zero wrong. Once you’ve mastered all of those concepts, add in the next highest â€Å"Know It† pile, and test yourself on all of those concepts until you don't get a single one wrong. Keep repeating until you have all of your original 20-50 cards in one stack, and once you go through that stack without making a single mistake, you’ll officially know every concept in that stack!Move on to the next stack, repeating the same method. How Much Time Should You Spend Studying Flashcards? While flashcards are helpful for the SAT, you shouldn’t spend all of your time studying these flashcards. I'd recommend spending at most 5% of your total SAT study time (two hours if you're following ourrecommendation of studying about40 hours for the SAT). Knowing vocabulary definitions and math formulas isn't enough to help you reach a high score on the SAT. As I said before, the new 2016 SAT only tests vocabwords in the context of sentences, and although knowing formulas is important for the math, you can answer the majority of the questions with only the ones provided to you. Flashcards should be just one small part of your SAT study plan.You need to be learning other new SAT strategies, learning the content of each section on the new SAT, and taking SAT practice tests to practice applying these strategies. What’s Next? Concerned about the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section on the new SAT? Learn more about the section changes and strategies. Looking for more general new SAT prep help? Check out these guides on how to study for the new 2016 SAT and on how to figure out what’s a good new 2016 SAT score for your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Ice and the Density of Water

Ice and the Density of Water Why does ice float on top of water rather than sink, like most solids? There are two parts to the answer to this question. First, lets take a look at why anything floats. Then, lets examine why ice floats on top of liquid water, instead of sinking to the bottom. Why Ice Floats A substance floats if it is less dense, or has less mass per unit volume, than other components in a mixture. For example, if you toss a handful of rocks into a bucket of water, the rocks, which are dense compared to the water, will sink. The water, which is less dense than the rocks, will float. Basically, the rocks push the water out of the way or displace it. For an object to be able to float, it has to displace a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. Water reaches its maximum density at 4 C (40 F). As it cools further and freezes into ice, it actually becomes less dense. On the other hand, most substances are most dense in their solid (frozen) state than in their liquid state. Water is different because of hydrogen bonding. AÂ  water molecule is made from one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms strongly joined to each other with covalent bonds. Water molecules are also attracted to each other by weaker chemical bonds (hydrogen bonds) between the positively-charged hydrogen atoms and the negatively charged oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules. As the water cools below 4Â  C, the hydrogen bonds adjust to hold the negatively charged oxygen atoms apart. This produces a crystal lattice, which is commonly known as ice. Ice floats because it is about 9% less dense than liquid water. In other words, ice takes up about 9% more space than water, so a liter of ice weighs less than liter water. The heavier water displaces the lighter ice, so ice floats to the top. One consequence of this is that lakes and rivers freeze from top to bottom, allowing fish to survive even when the surface of a lake has frozen over. If ice sank, the water would be displaced to the top and exposed to the colder temperature, forcing rivers and lakes to fill with ice and freeze solid. Heavy Water Ice Sinks However, not all water ice floats on regular water. Ice made using heavy water, which contains the hydrogen isotope deuterium, sinks in regular water. Hydrogen bonding still occurs, but its not enough to offset the mass difference between normal and heavy water. Heavy water ice sinks in heavy water.

Short Answer Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Answer Questions - Essay Example When one is able to clarify the values it gives an opportunity to identify the strength needed in displaying ones profession of nursing. One is able to give services with the help of both personal and profession values. Values are classified according to profession, for example the nursing profession requires patience ,love and honesty. Therefore is it important for to clarify the values in order to execute services in a more diligent way. Public figures are the people entitled to serve the public and most of them do the opposite with their value requirements. This is not the same with the those of professional figures because profession requires direct application of those values in discharging of services .Doctors are professional figures and they execute duties according to their personal and professional values. Public figures have odds in terms of value application because they do things that don’t result from the values they are expected from them. Politicians for instance have odds in terms of their values. They engage in corruption, bribery and tribalism during giving services to the public. This is totally wrong since they are leaders and they should exercise leadership values. The term professional refers to a description of an individual who is competent or skilled in a particular activity. It can also mean a person who is involved in a particular activity as an occupation. Abortion and voluntary euthanasia are important but critical issues related to life and death. They involve use of ethical issues that require legal decisions . Personal interventions are also required before making a decision on abortion and voluntary euthanasia. Abortion is a service that should be offered only under certain conditions of the patient. Legal procedure may follow where the attorney is involved. A person’s will or decision to undergo may be approved after consideration of several valid

Citizen Kane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Citizen Kane - Essay Example Citizen Kane, the movie employs a number of production features and elements thereby achieving effectiveness of communication as envisioned by the director. The director of the employs such elements as light, costume and characterization among others effectively thereby developing an appropriate context that best represents the society at the time. Produced in 1948 soon after the second world war, the film addresses themes relevant not only to the primary audience but also to other subsequent audiences including the communication 240 class, a feature that portrays the ability of the director to develop and communicate concepts effectively.Citizen Kane is yet another masterpiece in which the director employs different special film effects to earn effective communication. The director employs appropriate transitions from one scene to another thereby developing effective links through the different themes. Additionally, the director employs different camera angles and shots to reveal re lative details of the scenes, as he deems necessary. He does not use light only to illuminate his scenes but also to communicate, different aspects of the scene are lit differently with shadow balancing in order to achieve efficiency of communication. Such camera movements as tilting and panning help reveal detail in the different scenes. Italian neorealism refers to a movement in the film production characterized by using nonprofessional actors and setting the film contexts in poor neighborhoods. The bicycle film exhibits this throughout the story line as a poor father searching for his bicycle in a post war Rome.Relative film appeal arises from the level of professionalism that director employs in the development of the film and the issues that the film addresses. A film like Bicycle thieves may have limited appeal since it does not employ professionalism and addresses themes unfamiliar to the contemporary film audience unlike citizen Kane that the director strives to incorporate as many film production elements and professionalism as possible.The Birth of a Nation addresses realistic themes professionally; the director employs such features as dramatization and enabling characterization to help depict the ideas in the storyline. The effective creation of the film lies on the director’s ability to employ suc h elements as transitions, camera movement, shots, and angles to help provide detail (Mamer 33).The two films by Martin McDonagh appeared repetitive as the director employs the same stylistic features of production similarly. The lack of originality in the creation of the film thus denies them efficacy.Quentin Tarantino is a great producer who understood the business in film; he addresses themes that sell and does so effectively. His ability to infuse the violence in systematic storyline is artistic; furthermore, he uses diverse film production techniques to result in original masterpieces.

MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility Essay Example for Free

MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility Essay Why did it take 10 years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice? What weaknesses in the financial markets allowed such abuse to succeed? Harshad Mehta’s scam was one which involved huge magnitudes, which is why it probably came into light in the first place.[1] Scams of smaller magnitude are happening almost everyday at the Bombay Stock Exchange but not coming to light. There are many reasons for this. Some of the major reasons are briefly discussed below. The Indian businesses have traditionally being family owned. Owing to concentration of money in a few hands, most people have concentrated on survival and security due to which the risking loving entrepreneurial skill has not developed much. Being family owned businesses, a lot of insider and sensitive information is often available to the owners and their relatives even though the company is technically a separate legal entity. Given this insider information and the relatively weak legal machinery, it is easy for the insiders to manipulate prices of stocks by large buying or selling. The reason outlined above also gives rise to the herd mentality i.e. if bulk activity is seen on a stock on a particular day in a particular reaction; people seem to trust it quickly believing that some one with insider and reliable information is acting upon it. This is what helped Harshad Mehta in pulling off the scam. Further, there are hardly any checks and balances on the end use of loans given by banks and other financial institutions. They seem to be satisfied by the reputation of the borrower and once they are convinced that he can return the money, the end use of the same whether for speculation or any other activity is hardly looked into. It took as long as ten years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice due to the combination of many systemic failures and procedural lacuna. Firstly, it is difficult to pin point in such a huge market as to where the first default or breach of law took place. Further, there are many procedural approvals that must be taken before the regulator can take any concrete action. The country’s civil procedure process is quite slow too, with many appeals available before an offender is finally convicted. Therefore, even high profile cases such as these often take several years before finally being disposed off. How can ethics in the boardroom be monitored and controlled? Ethics, in the first place, is a rather complicated and complex issue. There is no straightjacket formula as different situations would demand different measures. In the boardroom, where money is at stake, and everyone has their own business to mind, it is probably even more difficult. This has been a subject of considerable debate, and there are certain measures which companies should generally apply, with specific variations in accordance with the particular situation at hand. Some of these general principles are briefly discussed below.[2]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firstly, there has to be strict avoidance of concentration of important powers and functions in a few hands. As can be seen from the Maxwell Affair of 1991, too many responsibilities in different areas of management are likely to be fatal to the company. Further, the delegation of power must not be absolute. Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. There should be checks and balances right upto the top level. At the top most level, where it is difficult to have checks and balances in a vertical hierarchy, the same should be had using a horizontal structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strong ethical base and principles must come in from the top and trickle down to the bottom. It is important that these principles are insisted upon, no matter how bad a situation a company is in. They should be introduced as non-negotiable to every new employee who joins, so that when he climbs the ranks in the corporate ladder, he is equally insistent about such principles. Gradually, a strong ethical culture is built. Is there a discernible difference between Enron’s fraud and Madoff’s appeal to elite investors? There is quite a discernible difference between Enron’s fraud and Madoff’s appeal to elite investors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enron’s fraud was a clear case of lack of watchful auditing and poor accounting practices. The profits were terribly overstated and the accounts were shown to pose a rosy picture of the state of affairs of the company. The true state of affairs was not revealed to the shareholders and other stakeholders in the company. The auditors were cleverly deceived, and they too didn’t do any follow up action.[3]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Madoff’s case is a much more complex one than Enron. Madoff’s case has largely been seen as one which could never be expected, and therefore no laws are in place to remedy such a situation. Unlike Enron’s case, which can be foreseen, Madoff’s case was completely unique and innovative. Enron’s case has been foreseen by the law makers, due to which many laws are in place to keep in check of the same. Firstly, there are accounting standards and conventions which must be adhered to by all companies. Second, all companies are statutorily required to get their accounts audited so as to doubly ensure that they reflect a true and fair view of the affairs of the company. Although it has been said in a landmark decision, that an auditor is a watchdog and not a bloodhound, it can be said that the auditors failed to do an upto-the mark job in Enron and hence the scandal.[4]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in complete contrast, Madoff’s case is so unexpected that there are no laws which effectively deal with such a situation. He used his reputation of being an expert at the Wall Street and a continued promise to offer secured and steady returns to swindle many high net worth individuals of millions of dollars. Such an exercise of personal confidence is difficult for the law to stop. Now, in retrospect, of course there are laws which mandate certain disclosures in case of any broker or person dealing on another’s behalf in the stock market. Further, there are investor awareness and know-your-rights campaigns by the regulator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, another importance difference between the two scandals which essentially flows from the main difference is the solutions that they demand are very different from each other. What steps would you take as an independent director on the board of a company where you had reason to believe that fraudulent or unethical activities were being carried out by the high-profile company leader? First of all, being an independent director, there is a great amount of responsibility on my shoulder to ensure that such policies are pushed for, which make it near to impossible for fraudulent or unethical activities to be carried out by any individual in the company. However, if this was to happen, there would be a series of measures I would attempt to take. Firstly, it would be important to get the whole Board of Directors, or as far as it may be practicable, into confidence so as to ensure that the top level management is not divided on such an important issue. Once this is done, it is important to have an internal conference with the suspected offender about his objectionable activities. It is important at this stage to consider all possible solutions to the problem, as open action against such a person should be the last resort, given that such information is particularly sensitive, and it would adversely affect the reputation of the company, if it were to get leaked. Therefore, it is also important that only so many people are made aware of such a situation as are required. It is essential that the matter not be lingered, and damage control be the top most priority.   Again, every possible option should be explored including plea bargaining and settlement through mediation or negotiation.[5] The suspected offender should also be taken into confidence that full disclosure would be in his best interests too. No threat or action should be immediately taken against him, as then he might attempt to conceal the substance of the matter, which would be eventually then take a long time to be fathomed. Any severe action contemplated should be taken only once the issue has been fully resolved. Finally, once the issue has been resolved, there should be a fall back to see why such an event happened, and what can the company do in future to prevent it. The offender should not be let off lightly, as this may go on to set a bad example. At the same time, the best interests of the company in the long run must be kept in mind. REFERENCES Anonymous, â€Å"Harshad Mehta: A Scandal to Remember† f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010). Anonymous, â€Å"Key Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal†, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010. Cathy Thomas, â€Å"Behind the Enron Scandal†, TIME Magazine, June 2002. Kevin MacDonald, â€Å"Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?†, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010. Stephanie Maier, â€Å"How global is good corporate governance?†, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005. [1] Anonymous, â€Å"Harshad Mehta: A Scandal to Remember† c.f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010). [2] Stephanie Maier, â€Å"How global is good corporate governance?†, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005. [3] Cathy Thomas, â€Å"Behind the Enron Scandal†, TIME Magazine, June 2002. [4] Kevin MacDonald, â€Å"Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?†, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010. [5] Anonymous, â€Å"Key Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal†, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.

The Afterlife and Beyond :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

The Afterlife and Beyond Egyptians were loyal to their gods and to their pharaohs who were gods on earth, as established by their enthusiasm to build the pyramids for the safe means of access of their leaders into the next world. Understanding the development and belief system they had with the physical and afterlife, you would have to know a little bit about the location of the area, which the Egyptians began to rise. The villages of ancient Egypt were found all along the Nile. The Egyptians were skillful farmers. They knew the Nile would flood each year and bring new life and rich grain. The Nile's flooding was expected and left rich new deposits of mud for new crops, making irrigation easy to plan. A basic irrigation system allowed the floodwaters to flow gently into each field, cleansing and renewing the earth each year. Egyptian people would then look to nature to explain the unexplainable. Egyptian gods were depicted as wise, caring, predictable, and forgiving, just as the Nile was predictable and life sustaining. The Egyptian people thought the world was created by super beings using earth, wind and fire. This was called "The Theogony of Heliopolis". The Theogony of Heliopolis is the belief that a water god called Nu, who gave birth to the sun god Ra, who then created his wife Tefnut, who made the rain. Together, they created Seb, God of the Earth, and Nat, the Goddess of the Sky. Seb and Nat were the parents of Osiris who later became the ruler of the underworld, Isis, Set and Nepthys. Ra is given credit for creating the heavens and earth and all creatures. Ra is also said to have created man from his eye, and Ra became the first king on earth. The idea that the god Ra was the first king is the seed for the belief that a Pharaoh was both King and god. After Ra gave up his kingship to ride across the sky, Osiris became king with Isis as his queen. Osiris is recognized with teaching men to be civilized, and for teaching mankind to worship the gods and to build temples. Almost every god and god dess was associated with one or more animals and in some instances might appear in the form of their chosen animal-familiar. This was called anthropromorphic. Another Egyptian link from the physical world to the supernatural is the pyramid. The Afterlife and Beyond :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History The Afterlife and Beyond Egyptians were loyal to their gods and to their pharaohs who were gods on earth, as established by their enthusiasm to build the pyramids for the safe means of access of their leaders into the next world. Understanding the development and belief system they had with the physical and afterlife, you would have to know a little bit about the location of the area, which the Egyptians began to rise. The villages of ancient Egypt were found all along the Nile. The Egyptians were skillful farmers. They knew the Nile would flood each year and bring new life and rich grain. The Nile's flooding was expected and left rich new deposits of mud for new crops, making irrigation easy to plan. A basic irrigation system allowed the floodwaters to flow gently into each field, cleansing and renewing the earth each year. Egyptian people would then look to nature to explain the unexplainable. Egyptian gods were depicted as wise, caring, predictable, and forgiving, just as the Nile was predictable and life sustaining. The Egyptian people thought the world was created by super beings using earth, wind and fire. This was called "The Theogony of Heliopolis". The Theogony of Heliopolis is the belief that a water god called Nu, who gave birth to the sun god Ra, who then created his wife Tefnut, who made the rain. Together, they created Seb, God of the Earth, and Nat, the Goddess of the Sky. Seb and Nat were the parents of Osiris who later became the ruler of the underworld, Isis, Set and Nepthys. Ra is given credit for creating the heavens and earth and all creatures. Ra is also said to have created man from his eye, and Ra became the first king on earth. The idea that the god Ra was the first king is the seed for the belief that a Pharaoh was both King and god. After Ra gave up his kingship to ride across the sky, Osiris became king with Isis as his queen. Osiris is recognized with teaching men to be civilized, and for teaching mankind to worship the gods and to build temples. Almost every god and god dess was associated with one or more animals and in some instances might appear in the form of their chosen animal-familiar. This was called anthropromorphic. Another Egyptian link from the physical world to the supernatural is the pyramid.

Cosmic Creations Myths Across Culture Essay

Many Christians have a very vague idea about the collection of the Old- Testament. The Old-Testament books are stories of the most famous myths. The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) is a book of Hebrew text, assemble by Jewish scholars of the seventh to tenth centuries A. D. It also contains two stories of creation. In addition, the book of Genesis is known as the book of creation of humankind. The book is also believes to be written during the reign of King Solomon and known as possessing two authors. The first story of creation states that, â€Å"In the beginning God creates the heaven and the earth. Genesis 1:1 – 2:4, is the story of creation in six days and resting on the seventh. The emphasis of this story is the creation of order out of chaos. The second author speaks of the creator of humankind, â€Å"Yaweh. † This story focuses more on human temptation and punishment. The creator, Yahweh made the heavens and the earth. It is said that Yahweh took dust from the moist land and shapes it into the shape of man. He breathes the breath of life into man and he comes to life. Yahweh is the creator of all things from the Garden of Eden, to the rivers that flow from the four corners of the world. He is also the creator of the Garden of Eden, the tree of life, and the tree knowledge of good/evil. One day after watching man, he decides that man should have a help-mate. He causes man to fall into a deep sleep and remove one of his ribs, creating woman. The man was Adam (earth or clay) and the woman name was Eve (life). The myth goes on to state how Adam and Eve eats the apple from the tree of knowledge after the serpent deceives them. In addition, eating the apple opens their eyes to the knowledge of good and evil. They are then ban from the Garden of Eden. Yahweh curses the serpent, Adam, and Eve. He places a half-human, half-lion creature with wings at the gates to keep them out. The emphasis of this story, generally agrees to be the older story of the two, is on the development of the problem of evil and what its origins are. Another recognizes the division of the two accounts; the first gives details accountable for the whole creation whereas the second one is focuses on the creation of man. The world consists of many myths like the universal flood. The universal flood, from the book Genesis: Chapter six-eight, is a world- wide historical myth. The Book of Genesis, believe to be written by Moses, is an interesting myth. The Old-Testament states that the earths receives rain for 40 days and 40 night to exterminate all of mankind. Liberal Christians believe the legendary Noah’s flood is just a spiritual myth. However, the Conservative Christians, believe the book of Genesis was written by Moses under the inspiration of God. Interpretations of the ark, plays an important role in early Christian doctrine. They believe the worldwide flood happens just as Moses records it. That God gives Noah instructions for building the ark: it is to be of gopher wood with the inside and out with pitch. There were three decks, one door (in the side) and a window 18 inches high probably running around the top of the vessel under the roof. It was about 450-feet, long by 75-feet in beam, and 45- high. The creation of the ark is to protect those who would reproduce the earth. The supernatural myth is that all humans and animals will be extent, except for those who made it to safety on the ark: two or seven animals of each â€Å"kind,† and Noah, his wife, and family. The universal flood was the largest genocide in history, involving the extermination of all almost every man, woman, youth, child, infant, and newborn. Christians believe God intentionally triggers the physical processes that would lead to the extermination of all of the land animals and all but eight humans in the flood because of humanity’s sinful behavior. Typically liberal Christians of the Old-Testament, Noachian, Babylonian, and hundreds of other believe a myth. There are many links in some ways of the Old-Testament and the Babylonians historic flood. There is no source of sufficient water to produce a worldwide flood that covered the highest mountains. Even if it did happen, there is no place to which the flood waters could subside. Genesis was written over an interval of many centuries by at least five author/editors. The universal flood story was derives from an earlier Babylonian myth by two of these authors. The Genesis flood myth is obviously base on an earlier Babylonian myth; there are many correspondences between the two legends. The Babylonian myth appears as an earlier legend that in turn, bases memories of the Black Sea catastrophe. The â€Å"Epic of Creation,† of the Babylonian, also known as Enuma Elish, dates to the second millennium B. C. Before anything had a name there was Aspu (sweet water) and Tiamet (salt –water). With the creation between the two they begot Lahmu and Lahamu. With the joining of the gods create Ansha, Kishar, and Anu. As the creation proceeds through generations, there is creation of Ea and his brothers. Ea and his brothers cause disruptions and Aspu becomes furious. He plots with gods of the first generation to slew Ea and his brothers. However, Ea hears of the plot and kills Aspu first. Tiamet hearing of her husband death sends out an army of creatures she creates. She creates the Kingu, a leader for the creatures, to avenge Aspu death. Ea, however; has a plan of his own. The myth states that Ea and Damkina create Marduk (Assur) to defend divine beings from the attack of Tiamet, the ocean goddess. Marduk propositions the gods and ensures their safety only if he becomes their supreme leader and forever. The gods agree that he would be their leader even after the treats pass. After agreeing to the terms Marduk slew Tiamet by ripping her body into two halves. These two halves became the earth and the sky. After the death of Tiamet the gods and Marduk in agreement and the creation of Babylon begin. Marduk creates the planets, stars, coordinate the moon, sun, and the -whether. In addition, Marduk becomes the sun. He decides to relieve the gods of external labor by creating mankind. It is said he creates bones (from the monsters he slew), cover them with flesh and breaths the breath of life forever freeing gods work. In conclusion, many parallels with the Genesis, accounts for that some historians concluding that Genesis account was simply a rewriting of the Babylonian story. As a reaction, many who wants to maintain the uniqueness of the Bible, argues either that there is no real parallels between the two accounts or that the Genesis narratives are written first and the Babylonian myth copies the biblical account.

Relationship Between Sexual Selection and Human Reproductive Behaviour Essay

Relationships can be explained by both sexual selection and the human reproductive system; however they both differ from each other. Sexual selection explains how evolution is driven by competitions for mating and to ensure the characteristics that are chose allow the reproduction to be a success. The human reproductive behaviour explains the strategies that both males and females take on. Sexual selection has two types, Intra-sexual selection and Inter- sexual selection. Intra-sexual selection is men competing towards each other for females. This allowed men to evolve into bigger, stronger males with more manly characteristics. Inter-sexual selection involves females choosing their males. They seek partners who can provide them with resources such as a home and wealth as well as protection. Due to the two types of selection, both male and females have evolved leading to better characteristics. Evolutionary theory states that body symmetry and symmetrical faces are desired characteristics, Cartwright (2000) found that women who have symmetrical breasts are more fertile than those with asymmetrical breasts. This supports the idea that body symmetry indicates reproductive fitness which leads to evolved characteristics, and allows women to have high self-esteem. Furthermore, other than symmetrical body and face structures males use physical attractiveness to judge how fit a female is to reproduce. Men look of more attractive females however females look for men who can provide good state of wealth. This is due to men only looking for the characteristics of reproduction and successive care of children from females. Although men and women both look into different characteristic, females are choosier since they have a larger investment and therefore more to lose. However, the study cannot be supported since a disadvantage of this study is that female may alter the appearance in order to seem young and fertile, while men may also lie and exaggerate on the amount of resources they have in order to get females to mate. Buss conducted a study testing participants from 37 cultures, finding that men like young, attractive females while females prefer men who are rich, ambitious and industrious. A criticism of this study is that it was conducted via a questionnaire. The problem with questionnaires is that individuals may lie or exaggerate about their mate preference in order to fit with the norm of satisfy social desirability. The female handicap hypothesis states that females choose male with handicap features such as smoking, drugs etc. This is because the find men are more superior and show a sign of genetic fitness. Grammer and Thornhill (1994) found that females choose men with masculine features which suppress the immune system since only the healthy mates can produce masculine features. The research doesn’t support the theory since it shows that women do care about features rather than only if they have genetic fitness. The features allow females to generate an investment in anosogamy which leads to their ‘sexy son hypotheses, since they sexually select the genes. One of the many male strategies for mating success includes size. Since males selective females that are the most reproductively fittest, they evolve to be biggest and show strength of success in competition against other males for females. The evolutionary theory supports this strategy as it states the men do evolve do to characteristics gained from previous reproduction. This indicates that the characteristics must have been gained from successive male and female reproduction. The evolutionary theory as a whole has a lot of faults. Deviant activities such as rape and forced sexual activities also cause a success in reproduction, however this doesn’t mean that the reproduction must of occurred due to the male and female strategies nor does it suggest that individuals choose who they mate with. The theory is also a educationalist as it ignores other factors such as cultural influences on why reproductive success occurs.

Differences between terrorists and guerillas essays

Differences between terrorists and guerillas essays In what ways do the methods of guerrillas differ from those of terrorists? Many different writers have devised their own meaning for terrorism. It is a definition which cannot be finalised, as there are so many factors constituting what a terrorist and what terrorism actually is. Likewise is the term guerrilla. Often terrorists and guerrillas are referred to in the same light. Indeed it is true that there are striking similarities in the methods of both terrorists and guerrillas. However there are also some fundamental differences between the two, which I will look at further in my essay. Critics offer many different variations on the meaning of terrorism. Jenkins describes it like this: Terrorism is violence for effect. The victim may be totally unrelated to the terrorists cause. Fear is the intended effect, not the by-product of terrorism. Jenkins is saying that the effect of a terrorist act is to instil fear in the civilian population. Terrorists throughout the years have used different methods in order to instil fear; assassinations, bombs and murder to name a few. Although fear may be an effect of terrorism, terrorists have varying aims. Often they have political motives. Thornton describes terrorism as: A symbolic act designed to influence political behaviour by extra normal means, entailing the use of or threat of violence. An example is perhaps the PIRA in N.Ireland. They use terrorism as a method to make political gains, with an eventual aim of a united Ireland. However some terrorists also have aims of personal gain, and others simply criminal motives. Therefore we can conclude that terrorists normally have a political agenda, although often they fight for other reasons. They use a wide variety of methods in order to achieve what they want, and the effect of these methods is a feeling of terror from the civilian population or a specific group in society. &qu...

Benjamin Bloom and Critical Thinking Skills

Benjamin Bloom and Critical Thinking Skills Benjamin Bloom was a U.S. psychiatrist who made several significant contributions to education, mastery learning, and talent development. Born in 1913 in Lansford, Pennsylvania, he exhibited a passion for reading and research from an early age. Bloom attended Pennsylvania State University and earned a bachelor’s degree and a masters degree, then he became a member of the University of Chicago’s Board of Examinations in 1940. He also served internationally as an educational adviser, working with Israel, India and several other nations. The Ford Foundation sent him to India in 1957 where he ran workshops on educational evaluation.   Model of Critical Thinking Blooms taxonomy, in which he describes the major areas in the cognitive domain, is perhaps the most familiar of his  work. This information is drawn from the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain (1956). The taxonomy begins by defining knowledge as remembering previously learned material. According to Bloom, knowledge represents the lowest level of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain. Knowledge is followed by comprehension, or  the ability to grasp the meaning of material. This goes just beyond the knowledge level. Comprehension is the lowest level of understanding. Application is the next area in the hierarchy. It refers to the ability to use learned material in new and concrete principles and theories. Application requires a higher level of understanding than comprehension. Analysis is the next area of the taxonomy in which  the learning outcomes require an understanding of both the content and the structural form of material. Next is synthesis, which refers to the ability to put parts together to form a new whole. Learning outcomes at this level stress creative behaviors with a major emphasis on the formulation of new patterns or structures. The last level of the taxonomy is evaluation, which concerns the ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose. The judgments are to be based on definite criteria. Learning outcomes in this area are the highest in the cognitive hierarchy because they incorporate or contain elements of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, and synthesis. In addition, they contain conscious value judgments based on clearly defined criteria. Inventing encourages the four highest levels of learning- application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation- in addition to knowledge and comprehension. Blooms Publications Bloom’s contributions to education have been memorialized in a series of books over the years.   Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1956.  Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Longman. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1956.  All Our Children Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bloom, Benjamin S. 1980.  Developing Talent in Young People. New York: Ballantine Books. Bloom, B. S., Sosniak, L.A. 1985.   One of Bloom’s last studies was conducted in 1985. It concluded that recognition in a respected field requires 10 years of dedication and learning at a minimum, regardless of IQ, innate abilities or talents. Bloom died in 1999 at the age of 86.

Women Suffrage and Civil Rights Movement Research Paper

Women Suffrage and Civil Rights Movement - Research Paper Example The suffrage movement of women represented many issues which till date appeared trivial but they surfaced when it was realized that it was the right to vote which could resolve the problems faced by the women in the patriarchal society where the father and the husband dominated and controlled a woman’s life. This gradually led to anti-discriminatory movements, which was renowned as the Civil Rights movement. The paper traces the development and importance of both these movements in American history. The women’s suffrage movement commenced in order to advocate the right for women towards voting. Abigail Adams could be recalled as the first female personality of the suffrage movement. Ladies were not given the power to make decisions after marriage according to the New Jersey’s law only single women could be eligible to vote since after voting all rights went into the hands of their husbands. Divorce was even more painful by law and since they had no right to vote, the lawmakers paid hardly any attention to their problems (Durrett, 25-27). The spark was initiated when the 15th Amendment was passed after the Civil War to ensure ‘voting rights for all â€Å"citizens of the United States â€Å" regardless of race or color’.... The members of the conference were previously associated with other processes of reform such as Lucretia Mott (associated with anti-slavery movement) and this also included some male personalities like James Mott who took over the role of chairperson and Frederick Douglass, the secretary. Issues like equal position of women in the eyes of law and access to quality education were picked up. (The Beginnings of the Women's Suffrage Movement) Stanton was introduced to Susan B. Anthony in the Seneca Falls and turned out as a significant leader of the movement. Stanton was a powerful writer, which Anthony delivered her influential speeches along with the support of her husband and Mott provided the essential wisdom to the movement. Initially the leaders worked in favor of property right of women after marriage and gathered signatures of 60 women in support of the Married Woman’s Property Act which was finally passed. Then came the dress reform and suffragists began wearing the loose fitting pants instead of the uncomfortable gowns. (Keller, 17-20) The woman suffrage movement’s history stands for an important period in American reform. The faith in republican citizenship status as derived from the American Revolution was the key to the demand for the right to the ballot. The evolution of the suffrage movement might be categorized into three stages. Prior to the Civil War the movement was more of a reform targeting the universe. During the Reconstruction period, the reform group got divided into divided groups and after 1885 the movement came up as a well-knit organization at the national level. The split occurred with respect to the 15th Amendment where Stone (Anthony’s husband) and others believed that the Amendment

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tort law - Essay Example In fact, a number of critics have advocated for an amendment of this law. In its general statement, there is no absolute obligation of an individual to a duty, but there is a duty not to cause harm. This article will focus on the general application of this law, as well as the various exceptions that are provided. The tort law is used to govern the actions of ordinary persons or professionals that can cause harm to those under their care. The tort law is usually applied to defend the right of an individual who suffers injury as a result of breach of duty by their caretaker. In the court, this is accomplished through financial compensation or an injunction. Financial compensation means that the injured person is compensated with money that is perceived to be equivalent to the damage or injury that they incurred. Injunction refers to the stoppage of an unfair act that causes harm to the subject. The person who is placing such a suit is called the plaintiff, while the sued person is ref erred to as the defendant (Lunney& Oliphant, 2008). This law is characterized by a number of elements. First, an element of duty or responsibility must be evident. For example, the nurses in a hospital have a duty to ensure that all the beds used by patients are comfortable and in order. Secondly, the element of negligence must exist. Negligence refers to the failure to implement the expected duties hence causing harm to the plaintiff. A good example is when a nurse fails to check the condition of a bed and it breaks down resulting in an injury to a patient. In such a case, it is obvious that the patient suffered injuries because the nurse failed to conduct their duties as expected (Lunney& Oliphant, 2008). Therefore, the implementation of this law requires that it is proven beyond doubt that the Offedant had a duty to offer care to the plaintiff but breached this duty. Also, there must exist a causative relationship between the damage and the negligent action. This means that the l aw only qualifies if the damage was a result of the breach of duty. Hence, the judge needs to establish that all these elements are present in the case before passing any judgment. In professional application, negligence refers to the failure to act in accordance with the set standards of the duties of a competent practitioner. For instance, the doctors must meet the set professional standards in medical practice. If any harm results from compromise of set standards, then the doctor would be liable (Lunney& Oliphant, 2008). In comparison to the Saudi law, the Tort English law is more efficient in defending the subjects of injury or damage. This is because it gives the plaintiff a privilege to act as an adequate witness in court. The major drawback in Saudi law is that the plaintiff is not allowed to testify. The subjects of the case are regarded as unreliable and biased witnesses. Therefore, the plaintiff is allowed only to provide written allegations before the court. On the other hand, the defendant is allowed to defend themselves orally. This is a disadvantage for the plaintiff as the Saudi law puts more weight on oral testimony than on written allegations. A good example is a case in Saudi court that involved a British citizen who had visited Saudi on vacation. He suffered a spinal injury as a result of being hit by an overgrown Coral while sitting on a wooden platform. The plaintiff lost the case. Other disadvantages in Saudi courts are lack

Politics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics Coursework - Essay Example One area of international law that has been consistently difficult to gain acceptance, enforcement and compliance with its agreed standards has been that of human rights. Although a clear international statement of human rights has been enshrined for over half a century within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed by the United Nations in 1948, there remains a relativist undercurrent with respect to how various governments interpret and apply human rights standards. Since 9/11, the concept of human rights has become even more nebulous as states that had been the leading champions of international human rights have begun to compromise their commitment to such ideals in deference to their national security. This paper will discuss the importance and limitations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It will trace the history of the Declaration, discuss how it has been interpreted and applied over the decades since its adoption, and consider the ways in which modern global issues pose challenges to its spirit and premise. The difficulty of achieving uniform global human rights protections, particularly in an era heavily influenced by basic security and defense concerns, vividly illustrates the more general challenge of enforcing international law among sovereign states. The UnivPost War Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is one of the earliest, and arguably most important, achievements of the United Nations. It very much reflects the international revulsion that came in the wake of the atrocities of World War II. The experience of the holocaust was a wakeup call, whereby the people of the world became keenly aware of what humans are capable of doing to one another. In a sense, the holocaust represented the rock bottom consequence of previous failures of the international community to come together in the spirit of promoting peace and human rights. Thus, an atmosphere of atonement and a desire to correct the obvious failures of prior international law to protect the most basic human dignities permeated the effort to implement the Declaration. Such post war attitudes clearly echo throughout the Declaration, particularly in the preamble. In fact, the very first two clauses of the preamble directly refer to the barbarity of which humans had been proven capable: "Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world . . . Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people" (Anonymous, 2006, para. 2 and 3). Without a doubt, the framers of the Declaration clearly sought to address the atrocities of the holocaust head on. According to the American Ambassador to Lebanon, Jeffrey D. Feltman, "The drafters of the Declaration were able to draw inspira tion from heroic efforts in the post-war period to assert the primacy of human rights and the dignity of individuals" (Ambassador Feltman speaks at the 56th anniversary, 2006, para. 3). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was far more than a reaction to a particularly dark

Psychology Essays Psychiatric Diagnosis

Psychology Essays Psychiatric Diagnosis To what extent do the negative implications of a psychiatric diagnosis outweigh the benefits? The idea that a diagnosis of mental illness can be more harmful than beneficial is a concept which many might find surprising. However if we examine the emergence of sociological theories originating from the symbolic interactionist movement of the 1960s we can construct an argument based on these theoretical insights as to how a diagnosis of being mentally ill might be harmful outside of the implications for possible treatment with which such a diagnosis would bring. In this manner we consider what the most effective strategy of treatment should be. Emerging from dissatisfaction with the structural functionalists theories drawing on symbolic interactionists are interested in analysing how the various interactions between people within social situations are played out (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001). In the works of Goffman this is portrayed as a drama with actors of sorts and his work on stigma for example showed how the rules of the game varied for people perceived as being different in some way (Goffman, 1968a, 1968b). Thus in relation to mental health it is the possible societal reactions arising out of a diagnosis of mental illness which is the vital element. The theory which developed out of these ideas hence became known as labelling theory and it became strongly associated with the anti-psychiatry movement of the late 1960s and 1970s (Cockerham, 1992). At the heart of this theory are two concepts related to deviance or mental disorder these being called primary deviance and secondary deviance. Primary deviance refers to those symptoms which do indeed have a basis and grounding in clinical symptoms. These are the actual incidences of disease. Labelling theorists have some interesting things to say about this, in that namely much of primary deviance goes undiagnosed (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999). The reasons for this is the reaction of those around the sufferer attempting to make sense of the individuals behaviour, rationalising it until a certain point is reached when it is impossible to dismiss the behaviour as aberrant anymore. Indeed labelling theorists argued that it was not just family members or other people close to suffers who displayed this sort of behaviour but also medical practitioners demonstrating a wide range and extensive set of either mis-diagnosis or non-diagnosis of mental illness (Yarrow et al, 1955). However it is the realm of secondary deviance in which labelling theory has the most interesting things to say and it is here this essay argues that the most harmful aspects of a diagnosis of mental illness can be found. For labelling theorists secondary deviance refers to ways in which other members of society, the psychiatric and medical profession and eventually the person who has been diagnosed act as a result of the category of mentally ill being applied to them (Pilgrim and Rogers, 2001). Working from this supposition then a number of factors are critical for labelling theorists and one of the most important is how conformist a particular society is. The reason for this is that the higher a level of conformity is found in a society the greater the chance that a particular behaviour which breaks the rules of that society will be labelled as deviant. A particularly interesting feature of this idea built upon subsequently by social constructivist theories is that concepts of deviancy also change as the conformity levels of a society alter, thus while homosexuality was a deviant behaviour for western societies in the 19th century and psychiatric treatment was recommended for those who were afflicted with the disorder the changing prevalent views on homosexuality have lessened its perception as a deviant behaviour, though not completely dispelled it (Cockerham, 1992). In a series of studies it was demonstrated that otherwise sane people who mentioned specific circumstances of strange behaviour were labelled as insane and where those people did normal behaviours these other behaviours in turn then became labelled as insane and became seen as part of the behavioural pattern of the insane person. Thus in Rosenhams (1973) study his fake patients who gained admission into institutions and who were taking notes of their own observation and treatment by doctors had in the observations kept on them notes on how they displayed incessant note taking behaviour. Thus patients who are labelled as mentally ill face difficulties when they try to escape the label and the behaviours which are the objects of labelling. Even where for example patients have been cured they will carry the stigma of such a label and the consequent reactions of people who learn of the past status of the individual will labelling theory argues lead to a vicious cycle of reinforcement of both label and behaviour. However while labelling theory was a powerful critique of psychiatric practice which was popular also it has since fallen out of favour and its concepts can be critiqued on a number of grounds. In Yarrows study case it was found that subsequent to the experiment that his patients in fact did not continue to display aberrant behaviours for long after the study. Thus we can argue that there is a weakness in the idea of a secondary deviance, that for those who are not mentally ill the labelling of being mentally ill which while it might have an effect may not be as strong as the theory suggests (Rogers and Pilgrim, 1999). But it remains to be said that the practice of diagnosis and cure of the mentally ill must be aware of the broader social environments in which those who are mentally ill will operate in, thus a primarily bio-medical model of mental health, i.e. in that there is a specific cause which when cured will make the patient better, is inadequate and as labelling theory and more recently the field of health psychology suggests we must consider a holistic type therapy which factors in the effects of wider social phenomenon such as the reactions of people and clinicians to the patient in order that effective strategies of cure can be developed which benefit the person involved (Heller, 1996). As such while moves away from institutional care can be commended as ceasing to separate the mentally ill from society and thus stigmatising them in a highly visible manner the effectiveness of community care must be judged against both successful curative techniques and levels of effective integration wi th the community setting in which the care is provided.